Prediction Markets for Paper Evaluations

Title:

Towards a food-based intervention to increase protein intakes in older adults: Challenges to and facilitators of egg consumption

Authors:

van den Heuvel E, Murphy JL, Appleton KM

Year:

2018

Journal:

Nutrients

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101409

Abstract:

Background: Dietary protein intake is important for health. Eggs, as a protein-rich food with characteristics that appeal to older adults, may provide opportunities for increasing protein intake. Interventions that focus on the challenges or facilitators that affect a large proportion of the population will be of increased impact on a population-wide scale. This work aimed to investigate the relative importance of a number of challenges to and facilitators of egg consumption in a UK population-wide sample of older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional postal questionnaire, measuring habitual egg intake, reasons for eating/not eating eggs and a range of demographic and lifestyle characteristics, was administered by post to 1082 older adults. Results: 230 questionnaires suitable for analysis were returned (110 females, ages 55–80+ years). Habitual egg intake ranged from 1–89 eggs/month, mean (standard deviation) = 18 (13) eggs/month. Reasons for eating/not eating eggs were reduced using Principal Components Analysis to 23 challenges and facilitators of egg consumption. Regression analyses revealed habitual egg intake to be associated with 10 challenges and facilitators (smallest β = 0.14, p = 0.04), and with protein consumption, age and Body Mass Index (smallest β = 0.14, p = 0.03). Discussion: Many possibilities for future intervention based on existing challenges or facilitators were found. Our results suggest that strategies to increase egg consumption in older adults should focus on: improving liking, tastiness and adding variety; promoting eggs as an everyday type of food; reducing stereotypes about who does and who does not consume eggs; and promoting eggs for people who have noticed the effects of ageing on their food intake. Strategies that highlight value-for-money may be counterproductive. Future work evaluating the value of these strategies for improving protein intake in this age group would be of value.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

1

Title:

Internet Addiction: A Closer Look at Multidimensional Parenting Practices and Child Mental Health

Authors:

Hsieh YP, Shen ACT, Wei HS, Feng JY, Huang SCY, Hwa HL

Year:

2018

Journal:

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0435

Abstract:

This study aimed to examine how both psychosocial variables (authoritative, authoritarian, and shaming, and parent-child relationships) and psychological symptoms were associated with Internet addiction, while controlling for the sociodemographic variable (child gender). A national proportionately stratified random sample of 6,233 fourth-grade primary school students in Taiwan participated in the study. Hierarchical regression models were performed to test the research hypotheses. The results show that psychological symptoms, authoritarian parenting, and shaming were positively associated with Internet addiction, whereas authoritative parenting and positive parent-child relationship were negatively associated with Internet addiction. Girls had lower levels of Internet addiction than boys. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the direct effects of child mental health status, multidimensional parenting practices, and family relationship on Internet addiction in children, and the importance of early individual- and family-based prevention and intervention in addressing related public health concerns of Internet addiction in children. The cultural perspectives of parenting and implications of these findings are discussed.

Citations:

0

Citations per year:

0

Title:

Lost for emotion words: what motor and limbic brain activity reveals about autism and semantic theory.

Authors:

Moseley R, Shtyrov Y, Mohr B, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S, Pulvermuller F

Year:

2014

Journal:

Neuroimage

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.046

Abstract:

Autism spectrum conditions (ASC) are characterised by deficits in understanding and expressing emotions andare frequently accompanied by alexithymia, a difficulty in understanding and expressing emotion words.Words are differentially represented in the brain according to their semantic category and these difficulties inASC predict reduced activation to emotion-related words in limbic structures crucial for affective processing.Semantic theories view‘emotion actions’as critical for learning the semantic relationship between a word andthe emotion it describes, such that emotion words typically activate the cortical motor systems involved in ex-pressing emotion actions such as facial expressions. As ASC are also characterised by motor deficits and atypicalbrain structure and function in these regions, motor structures would also be expected to show reduced activa-tion during emotion-semantic processing. Here we used event-related fMRI to compare passive processing ofemotion words in comparison to abstract verbs and animal names in typically-developing controls and individ-uals with ASC. Relatively reduced brain activation in ASC for emotion words, but not matched control words, wasfound in motor areas and cingulate cortex specifically. The degree of activation evoked by emotion words in themotor system was also associated with the extent of autistic traits as revealed by the Autism Spectrum Quotient.We suggest that hypoactivation of motor and limbic regions for emotion word processing may underlie difficul-ties in processing emotional language in ASC. The role that sensorimotor systems and their connections mightplay in the affective and social-communication difficulties in ASC is discussed.

Citations:

19

Citations per year:

3.8

Title:

Investigating the use of world knowledge during on-line comprehension in adults with autism spectrum disorder

Authors:

Howard PL, Liversedge SP, Benson V

Year:

2017

Journal:

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Weblink:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3129-x

Abstract:

The on-line use of world knowledge during reading was examined in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Both ASD and typically developed adults read sentences that included plausible, implausible and anomalous thematic relations, as their eye movements were monitored. No group differences in the speed of detection of the anomalous violations were found, but the ASD group showed a delay in detection of implausible thematic relations. These findings suggest that there are subtle differences in the speed of world knowledge processing during reading in ASD.

Citations:

4

Citations per year:

1.6

Title:

The social norms of suicidal and self-harming behaviours in Scottish adolescents

Authors:

Quigley J, Rasmussen S, McAlaney J

Year:

2017

Journal:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030307

Abstract:

Although the suicidal and self-harming behaviour of individuals is often associated with similar behaviours in people they know, little is known about the impact of perceived social norms on those behaviours. In a range of other behavioural domains (e.g., alcohol consumption, smoking, eating behaviours) perceived social norms have been found to strongly predict individuals’ engagement in those behaviours, although discrepancies often exist between perceived and reported norms. Interventions which align perceived norms more closely with reported norms have been effective in reducing damaging behaviours. The current study aimed to explore whether the Social Norms Approach is applicable to suicidal and self-harming behaviours in adolescents. Participants were 456 pupils from five Scottish high-schools (53% female, mean age = 14.98 years), who completed anonymous, cross-sectional surveys examining reported and perceived norms around suicidal and self-harming behaviour. Friedman’s ANOVA with post-hoc Wilcoxen signed-ranks tests indicated that proximal groups were perceived as less likely to engage in or be permissive of suicidal and self-harming behaviours than participants’ reported themselves, whilst distal groups tended towards being perceived as more likely to do so. Binary logistic regression analyses identified a number of perceived norms associated with reported norms, with close friends’ norms positively associated with all outcome variables. The Social Norms Approach may be applicable to suicidal and self-harming behaviour, but associations between perceived and reported norms and predictors of reported norms differ to those found in other behavioural domains. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are considered.

Citations:

2

Citations per year:

0.8

Title:

Visual Hebb repetition effects: the role of psychological distinctiveness revisited

Authors:

Johnson AJ, Miles C

Year:

2019

Journal:

Frontiers in Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00017

Abstract:

Across two experiments we investigate the role of psychological distinctiveness on the Hebb repetition effect. In direct contradiction to Horton et al. (2008), Experiment 1 demonstrated the Hebb repetition effect for inverted faces. Importantly, the Hebb repetition effect was evident only when the filler and Hebb sequences comprised different items (no-stimulus-overlap) and was abolished when the filler and Hebb trials comprised the same items (full-stimulus-overlap). Experiment 2 further examined the impact of psychological distinctiveness on the Hebb repetition effect by comparing serial recall for upright unfamiliar-faces, inverted unfamiliar-faces, and abstract matrices. We demonstrate the visual Hebb repetition effect for stimuli that possess both purportedly high (upright faces) and low (inverted faces and matrices) levels of psychological distinctiveness. The findings of both experiments contradict the earlier claim (Horton et al., 2008) that stimuli possessing low levels of psychological distinctiveness do not show the visual Hebb repetition effect. However, we further highlight the importance of stimulus overlap between filler and Hebb sequences in determining the visual Hebb repetition effect. More generally, our findings emphasize that the Hebb repetition effect is a common feature of memory across different stimulus types.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

1.5

Title:

Color categories only affect post-perceptual processes when same- and different-category colors are equally discriminable

Authors:

He X, Witzel C, Forder L, Clifford A, Franklin A

Year:

2014

Journal:

Journal of the Optical Society of America A

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.31.00A322

Abstract:

Prior claims that color categories affect color perception are confounded by inequalities in the color space used to equate same- and different-category colors. Here, we equate same- and different-category colors in the number of just-noticeable differences, and measure event-related potentials (ERPs) to these colors on a visual oddball task to establish if color categories affect perceptual or post-perceptual stages of processing. Category effects were found from 200 ms after color presentation, only in ERP components that reflect post-perceptual processes (e.g., N2, P3). The findings suggest that color categories affect post-perceptual processing, but do not affect the perceptual representation of color.

Citations:

17

Citations per year:

3.1

Title:

The consistency of superior face recognition skills in police officers

Authors:

Bate S, Frowd C, Bennetts R, Hasshim N, Portch E, Murray E, Dudfield G

Year:

2019

Journal:

Applied Cognitive Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3525

Abstract:

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in people with superior facerecognition skills. Yet identification of these individuals has mostly relied on criterionperformance on a single attempt at a single measure of face memory. The currentinvestigation aimed to examine the consistency of superior face recognition skills in30 police officers, both across tests that tap into the same process and between teststhat tap into different components of face processing. Overall indices of performanceacross related measures were found to identify different superior performers toisolated test scores. Further, different top performers emerged for target‐presentversus target‐absent indices, suggesting that signal detection measures are themost useful indicators of performance. Finally, a dissociation was observed betweensuperior memory and matching performance. Super‐recognizer screeningprogrammes hould therefore include overall indices summarizing multiple attemptsat related tests, allowing for individuals to rank highly on different (and sometimesvery specific) tasks.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

1.5

Title:

Who Gets Protection? A National Study of Multiple Victimization and Child Protection Among Taiwanese Children

Authors:

Shen ACT, Hwa HS, Feng JY, Hsieh YP, Wei HS, Huang CY, Feng YJ

Year:

2016

Journal:

Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260516670885

Abstract:

This study aims to examine the prevalence of multiple types of child victimization and the effects of multiple types of victimization on children’s mental health and behavior in Taiwan. The study also examines the child-protection rate and its correlates among children experiencing various types of victimization. This study collected data with a self-report questionnaire from a national proportionately stratified sample of 6,233 fourth-grade students covering every city and county in Taiwan in 2014. After calculating the 1-year prevalence of child victimization, the study found that bullying was the most prevalent (71%), followed by physical neglect (66%), psychological violence (43%), inter-parental violence (28%), community violence (22%), physical abuse (21%), and sexual violence (9%). As the number of victimization types increased, children were more likely to report greater posttraumatic symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, suicide ideation, self-harm thoughts, and violent behaviors. Gender, neonatal status, parental marital status, and other family risks were significantly associated with elevated incidences of the victimization types. Only 20.6% of the children who had experienced all seven types of victimization had received child protective services. A child was more likely to receive child protective services if he or she had experienced sexual violence, community violence, inter-parental violence exposure, higher family risks, higher suicidal ideation, or living in a single-parent or separated family. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the cumulative effects and the harmful effects that children’s experience of multiple types of victimization can have on the children’s mental health and behavior. The present findings also raise alarms regarding the severity of under-serving in child-victimization cases. These results underscore the importance of assessing, identifying, and helping children with multiple victimization experiences.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

0.3

Title:

The relative contribution of noise and adaptation to competition during tri-stable motion perception

Authors:

Meso AI, Rankin J, Faugeras O, Kornprobst P, Masson GS

Year:

2016

Journal:

Journal of Vision

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1167/16.15.6

Abstract:

Animals exploit antagonistic interactions for sensory processing and these can cause oscillations between competing states. Ambiguous sensory inputs yield such perceptual multistability. Despite numerous empirical studies using binocular rivalry or plaid pattern motion, the driving mechanisms behind the spontaneous transitions between alternatives remain unclear. In the current work, we used a tristable barber pole motion stimulus combining empirical and modeling approaches to elucidate the contributions of noise and adaptation to underlying competition. We first robustly characterized the coupling between perceptual reports of transitions and continuously recorded eye direction, identifying a critical window of 480 ms before button presses, within which both measures were most strongly correlated. Second, we identified a novel nonmonotonic relationship between stimulus contrast and average perceptual switching rate with an initially rising rate before a gentle reduction at higher contrasts. A neural fields model of the underlying dynamics introduced in previous theoretical work and incorporating noise and adaptation mechanisms was adapted, extended, and empirically validated. Noise and adaptation contributions were confirmed to dominate at the lower and higher contrasts, respectively. Model simulations, with two free parameters controlling adaptation dynamics and direction thresholds, captured the measured mean transition rates for participants. We verified the shift from noise-dominated toward adaptation-driven in both the eye direction distributions and intertransition duration statistics. This work combines modeling and empirical evidence to demonstrate the signal-strength–dependent interplay between noise and adaptation during tristability. We propose that the findings generalize beyond the barber pole stimulus case to ambiguous perception in continuous feature spaces.

Citations:

6

Citations per year:

2.1

Title:

Repeated exposure and conditioning strategies for increasing vegetable liking and intake: Systematic review and meta-analyses of the published literature

Authors:

Appleton KM, Hemingway A, Rajska J, Hartwell H

Year:

2018

Journal:

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy143

Abstract:

Background: Vegetable intakes are typically lower than recommended for health. Although repeated exposure has been advocated to increase vegetable liking and consumption, no combination of the evidence yet provides a measure of benefit from repeated exposure or alternative conditioning strategies. Objective: This work aimed to identify and synthesize the current evidence for the use of repeated exposure and conditioning strategies for increasing vegetable liking and consumption. Design: Three academic databases were searched over all years of records using prespecified search terms. Published data from all suitable articles were tabulated in relation to 3 research questions and combined via meta-analyses. Results: Forty-three articles detailing 117 comparisons investigating the use of repeated exposure and conditioning strategies for increasing liking and intakes of vegetables were found. Our analyses demonstrate: 1) increased liking and intakes of the exposed vegetable after repeated exposure compared with no exposure; 2) increased liking for the exposed vegetable after conditioning compared with repeated exposure, increased intakes after the use of rewards, and some suggestion of decreased intakes after flavor-nutrient conditioning; and 3) increased liking and intakes of a novel vegetable after repeated exposure to a variety of other vegetables compared with no exposure or repeated exposure to one other vegetable. Effect sizes, however, are small, and limited evidence suggests long-term benefits. Our analyses, furthermore, are limited by limitations in study design, compliance, and/or reporting. Conclusions: Based on our findings, we recommend the use of repeated exposure to one and a variety of vegetables, and the use of rewards, for increasing vegetable liking and consumption. Confirmation from further large, well-conducted studies that use realistic scenarios, however, is also required.

Citations:

7

Citations per year:

7.3

Title:

Evaluation of a breathing retraining intervention to improve quality of life in asthma: quantitative process analysis of the BREATHE randomised controlled trial

Authors:

Arden-Close EJ, Kirby SE, Yardley L, Bruton A, Ainsworth B, Thomas DM

Year:

2019

Journal:

Clinical Rehabilitation

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269215519832942

Abstract:

Objective: Explore qualitative differences between interventions (DVD and booklet (DVDB) versus face-to-face and booklet (F2FB) versus usual care) in the BREATHE (Breathing Retraining for Asthma Trial of Home Exercises) trial of breathing retraining for asthma. Design: Quantitative process analysis exploring group expectancy, experience and practice before and after intervention delivery for the main trial. Setting: Primary care. Subjects: Adults with asthma (DVD and booklet, n = 261; F2FB, n = 132). Main measures: Baseline – expectancy about breathing retraining; follow-up 3, 6 and 12 months – self-efficacy, treatment experience (enjoyment of treatment, perceptions of physiotherapist, perceptions of barriers), amount of practice (weeks, days/week, times/day), continued practice; all time points – anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), AQLQ (Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire). Results: No group differences in baseline expectancy. Statistically significant results (P < 0.05) indicated that at follow-up, F2FB participants perceived greater need for a physiotherapist than DVD and booklet participants (3.43 (0.87) versus 2.15 (1.26)). F2FB participants reported greater enjoyment of core techniques (such as stomach breathing: 7.42 (1.67) versus 6.13 (1.99) (DVD and booklet)). Fewer F2FB participants reported problems due to doubts (24 (22.9%) versus 90 (54.2%)). F2FB participants completed more practice sessions (75.01 (46.38) versus 48.56 (44.71)). Amount of practice was not significantly related to quality of life. In the DVD and booklet arm, greater confidence in breathing retraining ability explained 3.9% of variance in quality of life at 12 months. Conclusion: Adults with asthma receiving breathing retraining face-to-face report greater enjoyment and undertaking more practice than those receiving a DVD and booklet. Greater confidence in ability to do breathing retraining is associated with improved QoL.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

1.7

Title:

Integration of identity and emotion information in faces: fMRI evidence

Authors:

Yankouskaya A, Stolte M, Moradi Z, Rotshtein P, Humphreys G

Year:

2017

Journal:

Brain and Cognition

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2017.05.004

Abstract:

Separate neural systems have been implicated in the recognition of facial identity and emotional expression. A growing number of studies now provide evidence against this modular view by demonstrating that integration of identity and emotion information enhances face processing. Yet, the neural mechanisms that shape this integration remain largely unknown. We hypothesize that the presence of both personal and emotional expression target information triggers changes in functional connectivity between frontal and extrastriate areas in the brain. We report and discuss three important findings. First, the presence of target identity and emotional expression in the same face was associated with super capacity and violations of the independent processing of identity and expression cues. Second, activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was associated with the presence of redundant targets and changes in functional connectivity between a particular region of the right OFC (BA11/47) and bilateral visual brain regions (the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG)). Third, these changes in connectivity showed a strong link to behavioural measures of capacity processing. We suggest that the changes in functional connectivity between the right OFC and IOG reduce variability of BOLD responses in the IOG, enhancing integration of identity and emotional expression cues in faces.

Citations:

6

Citations per year:

1.7

Title:

The development of face expertise: Evidence for a qualitative change in processing

Authors:

Hills PJ, Lewis MB

Year:

2018

Journal:

Cognitive development

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.003

Abstract:

There is conflicting evidence regarding the development of expert face recognition, as indexed by the face-inversion effect (FIE; de Heering, Rossion, & Maurer, 2011; Young and Bion, 1981) potentially due to the nature of the stimuli used in previous research. The developmental trajectory of the FIE was assessed in participants aged between 5- and 18-years using age-matched and adult stimuli. Four experiments demonstrated that upright face recognition abilities improved linearly with age (presumably due to improved memory storage capacities) and this was larger than for inverted faces. The FIE followed a stepped function, with no FIE for participants younger than 9-years of age. These results indicate maturation of expert face processing mechanisms that occur at the age of 10-years, similar to expertise in other domains.

Citations:

3

Citations per year:

2.4

Title:

The person-based approach to enhancing the acceptability and feasibility of interventions

Authors:

Yardley L, Ainsworth B, Arden-Close E, Muller I

Year:

2015

Journal:

Pilot Feasibility Stud

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-015-0033-z

Abstract:

Background: This paper provides three illustrations of how the "person-based approach" can be used to assess and enhance the acceptability and feasibility of an intervention during the early stages of development and evaluation. The person-based approach involves using mixed methods research to systematically investigate the beliefs, attitudes, needs and situation of the people who will be using the intervention. The in-depth understanding of users' perspectives derived from this research then enables intervention developers to design or modify the intervention to make it more relevant, persuasive, accessible and engaging. Methods: The first illustration describes how relevant beliefs and attitudes of people with asthma were identified from the existing qualitative and quantitative literature and then used to create guiding principles to inform the design of a web-based intervention to improve quality of life. The second illustration describes how qualitative "think-aloud" interviews and patient and public involvement (PPI) input are used to improve the acceptability of a booklet for people with asthma. In the third illustration, iterative think-aloud methods are used to create a more accurate and accessible activity planner for people with diabetes. Results: In the first illustration of the person-based approach, we present the guiding principles we developed to summarise key design issues/objectives and key intervention features to address them. The second illustration provides evidence from interviews that positive, non-medical messages and images were preferred in booklet materials for people with asthma. The third illustration demonstrates that people with diabetes found it difficult to complete an online activity planner accurately, resulting in incorrect personalised advice being given prior to appropriate modification of the planner. Conclusions: The person-based approach to intervention development can complement theory- and evidence-based development and participant input into intervention design, offering a systematic process for systematically investigating and incorporating the views of a wide range of users.

Citations:

23

Citations per year:

5.9

Title:

The Effects of Previous Misestimation of Task Duration on Estimating Future Task Duration

Authors:

König CJ, Wirz A, Thomas KE, Weidmann R-Z

Year:

2014

Journal:

Current Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9236-3

Abstract:

It is a common time management problem that people underestimate the duration of tasks, which has been termed the “planning fallacy.” To overcome this, it has been suggested that people should be informed about how long they previously worked on the same task. This study, however, tests whether previous misestimation also affects the duration estimation of a novel task, even if the feedback is only selfgenerated. To test this, two groups of participants performed two unrelated, laboratorybased tasks in succession. Learning was manipulated by permitting only the experimental group to retrospectively estimate the duration of the first task before predicting the duration of the second task. Results showed that the experimental group underestimated the duration of the second task less than the control group, which indicates a general kind of learning from previous misestimation. The findings imply that people could be trained to carefully observe how much they misestimate task duration in order to stimulate learning. The findings are discussed in relation to the anchoring account of task duration misestimation and the memory-bias account of the planning fallacy.

Citations:

4

Citations per year:

0.8

Title:

Illicit substance use among university students from seven European countries: A comparison of personal and perceived peer use and attitudes towards illicit substance use

Authors:

Helmer SM, Mikolajczyk RT, McAlaney J, Vriesacker B, Van Hal G, Akvardar Y, Guillen-Grima F, Salonna F, Stock C, Dempsey RC, Bewick BM, Zeeb H

Year:

2014

Journal:

Preventive Medicine

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.039

Abstract:

Objective: To compare European students' personal use and approval of illicit substance use with their perceptions of peer behaviours and attitudes, and investigate whether perceptions of peer norms are associated with personal use of illicit substances and attitudes. Method: This study used baseline data from the Social Norms Intervention for the prevention of Polydrug usE (SNIPE) project involving 4482 students from seven European countries in 2012. Students completed an online survey which included questions on personal and perceived peer illicit substance use and personal and perceived peer attitude towards illicit substances. Results: 8.3% of students reported having used illicit substances at least once in their life. 49.7% of students perceived that the majority of their peers have used illicit substances more frequently than themselves. The perception was significantly associated with higher odds for personal illicit substance use (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.53–2.54). The perception that the majority of peers approve illicit substance use was significantly associated with higher odds for personal approval of illicit substance use (OR: 3.47, 95% CI: 2.73–4.41). Conclusion: Students commonly perceived that their peers used illicit subtances more often than themselves. We found an association between the perceived peer norms/attitudes and reported individual behaviour/attitudes.

Citations:

17

Citations per year:

3.3

Title:

Self-reported sex differences in high-functioning adults with autism: a meta-analysis

Authors:

Moseley RL, Hitchiner R, Kirkby JA

Year:

2018

Journal:

Molecular Autism

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0216-6

Abstract:

Background: Sex differences in autistic symptomatology are believed to contribute to the mis- and missed diagnosis of many girls and women with an autism spectrum condition (ASC). Whilst recent years have seen the emergence of clinical and empirical reports delineating the profile of young autistic girls, recognition of sex differences in symptomatology in adulthood is far more limited. Methods: We chose here to focus on symptomatology as reported using a screening instrument, the Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R). In a meta-analysis, we pooled and analysed RAADS-R data from a number of experimental groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) searched for the presence of main effects of Sex and Diagnosis and for interactions between these factors in our sample of autistic and non-autistic adults. Results: In social relatedness and circumscribed interests, main effects of Diagnosis revealed that as expected, autistic adults reported significantly greater lifetime prevalence of symptoms in these domains; an effect of Sex, in circumscribed interests, also suggested that males generally reported more prevalent symptoms than females. An interaction of Sex and Diagnosis in language symptomatology revealed that a normative sex difference in language difficulties was attenuated in autism. An interaction of Sex and Diagnosis in the sensorimotor domain revealed the opposite picture: a lack of sex differences between typically developing men and women and a greater prevalence of sensorimotor symptoms in autistic women than autistic men. Conclusions: We discuss the literature on childhood sex differences in relation to those which emerged in our adult sample. Where childhood sex differences fail to persist in adulthood, several interpretations exist, and we discuss, for example, an inherent sampling bias that may mean that only autistic women most similar to the male presentation are diagnosed. The finding that sensorimotor symptomatology is more highly reported by autistic women is a finding requiring objective confirmation, given its potential importance in diagnosis.

Citations:

5

Citations per year:

3.7

Title:

When the going gets tough the beautiful get going: aesthetic appeal facilitates task performance.

Authors:

Reppa I, McDougall S

Year:

2015

Journal:

Psychon Bull Rev

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0794-z

Abstract:

The current studies examined the effect of aesthetic appeal on performance. According to one hypothesis, appeal would lead to overall decrements or enhancements in performance [e.g. Sonderegger & Sauer, (Applied Ergonomics, 41, 403–410, 2010)]. Alternatively, appeal might influence performance only in problem situations, such as when the task is difficult [e.g. Norman, (2004)]. The predictions of these hypotheses were examined in the context of an icon search-andlocalisation task. Icons were used because they are well-defined stimuli and pervasive to modern everyday life. When search was made difficult using visually complex stimuli (Experiment 1), or abstract and unfamiliar stimuli (Experiment 2), icons that were appealing were found more quickly than their unappealing counterparts. These findings show that in a low-level visual processing task, with demand characteristics related to appeal eliminated, appeal can influence performance, especially under duress.

Citations:

14

Citations per year:

3.0

Title:

Does social presence or the potential for interaction reduce social gaze in online social scenarios? Introducing the "live lab" paradigm

Authors:

Gregory NJ, Antolin JV

Year:

2018

Journal:

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1747021818772812

Abstract:

Research has shown that people’s gaze is biased away from faces in the real world but towards them when they are viewed onscreen. Non-equivalent stimulus conditions may have represented a confound in this research, however, as participants viewed onscreen stimuli as pre-recordings where interaction was not possible compared with real-world stimuli which were viewed in real time where interaction was possible. We assessed the independent contributions of online social presence and ability for interaction on social gaze by developing the “live lab” paradigm. Participants in three groups (N = 132) viewed a confederate as (1) a live webcam stream where interaction was not possible (one-way), (2) a live webcam stream where an interaction was possible (two-way), or (3) a pre-recording. Potential for interaction, rather than online social presence, was the primary influence on gaze behaviour: participants in the pre-recorded and one-way conditions looked more to the face than those in the two-way condition, particularly, when the confederate made “eye contact.” Fixation durations to the face were shorter when the scene was viewed live, particularly, during a bid for eye contact. Our findings support the dual function of gaze but suggest that online social presence alone is not sufficient to activate social norms of civil inattention. Implications for the reinterpretation of previous research are discussed.

Citations:

3

Citations per year:

2.2

Title:

Immediate recognition memory for wine

Authors:

Johnson A, Volp A, Miles C

Year:

2013

Journal:

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.869225

Abstract:

We describe a preliminary investigation concerning the short-term recognition memory function for gustatory stimuli (wines). In Experiment 1A, 24 non-expert wine drinkers completed a yes/no recognition task for 3-wine sequences. For the raw recognition scores, the serial position function comprised both primacy and recency. Recency did not, however, achieve significance for the d′ scores. In Experiment 1B, 24 participants completed the same yes/no recognition task for 3-visual matrix sequences. In contrast to Experiment 1A, the serial position function comprised recency and an absence of primacy. We argue that the presence of primacy for the wine sequences cannot be interpreted via a verbal labelling strategy, nor can it be interpreted via proactive interference from the first wine in the list on subsequent list items. The result suggests qualitative differences in the memory processing for gustatory and non-verbal visual stimuli.

Citations:

2

Citations per year:

0.3

Title:

A Web-Based Intervention (MotivATE) to Increase Attendance at an Eating Disorder Service Assessment Appointment: Zelen Randomized Controlled Trial

Authors:

Denison-Day J, Muir S, Newell C, Appleton KM

Year:

2019

Journal:

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.2196/11874

Abstract:

Background: Early assessment and treatment of eating disorder patients is important for patient outcomes. However, up to a third of people referred for treatment do not access services and 16.4% do not attend their first scheduled assessment appointment. MotivATE is a fully automated, novel, Web-based program intended to increase motivation to change eating disorder behaviors, designed for delivery at the point of invitation to an eating disorder service, with the aim of increasing service attendance. Objective: This paper assesses the impact of MotivATE on attendance at assessment when compared with treatment-as-usual. Methods: A Zelen randomized controlled design was used. All individuals referred to a specialist eating disorder service, Kimmeridge Court in Dorset, UK, over the course of a year (October 24, 2016-October 23, 2017) were randomized to treatment-as-usual only or treatment-as-usual plus an additional letter offering access to MotivATE. Attendance at the initial scheduled assessment appointment was documented. Logistic regression analysis assessed the impact of MotivATE on attendance at assessment. Additional analyses based on levels of engagement with MotivATE were also undertaken. Results: A total of 313 participants took part: 156 (49.8%) were randomized to treatment-as-usual and 157 (50.2%) were randomized to receive the additional offer to access MotivATE. Intention-to-treat analysis between conditions showed no impact of MotivATE on attendance at assessment (odds ratio [OR] 1.35, 95% CI 0.69-2.66, P=.38). Examination of the usage data indicated that only 53 of 157 participants (33.8%) in the MotivATE condition registered with the Web-based intervention. An analysis comparing those that registered with the intervention with those that did not found greater attendance at assessment in those that had registered (OR 9.46, 95% CI 1.22-73.38, P=.03). Conclusions: Our primary analyses suggest no impact of MotivATE on attendance at the first scheduled assessment appointment, but secondary analyses revealed limited engagement with the program and improved attendance in those who did engage. It is unclear, however, if engagement with the program increased motivation and, in turn, attendance or if more motivated individuals were more likely to access the intervention. Further research is required to facilitate engagement with Web-based interventions and to understand the full value of MotivATE for users.

Citations:

0

Citations per year:

0.0

Title:

Intranasal inhalation of oxytocin improves face processing in developmental prosopagnosia

Authors:

Bate S, Cook SJ, Duchaine B, Tree JJ, Burns EJ, Hodgson TL

Year:

2013

Journal:

Cortex

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.08.006

Abstract:

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is characterised by a severe lifelong impairment in face recognition. In recent years it has become clear that DP affects a substantial number of people, yet little work has attempted to improve face processing in these individuals. Intriguingly, recent evidence suggests that intranasal inhalation of the hormone oxytocin can improve face processing in unimpaired participants, and we investigated whether similar findings might be noted in DP. Ten adults with DP and 10 matched controls were tested using a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind within-subject experimental design (AB-BA). Each participant took part in two testing sessions separated by a 14–25 day interval. In each session, participants inhaled 24 IU of oxytocin or placebo spray, followed by a 45 min resting period to allow central oxytocin levels to plateau. Participants then completed two face processing tests: one assessing memory for a set of newly encoded faces, and one measuring the ability to match simultaneously presented faces according to identity. Participants completed the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MMQ) at three points in each testing session to assess the possible mood-altering effects of oxytocin and to control for attention and wakefulness. Statistical comparisons revealed an improvement for DP but not control participants on both tests in the oxytocin condition, and analysis of scores on the MMQ indicated that the effect cannot be attributed to changes in mood, attention or wakefulness. This investigation provides the first evidence that oxytocin can improve face processing in DP, and the potential neural underpinnings of the findings are discussed alongside their implications for the treatment of face processing disorders.

Citations:

44

Citations per year:

7.2

Title:

Item-specific proactive interference in olfactory working memory

Authors:

Moss A, Miles C, Elsley, Johnson A

Year:

2017

Journal:

Memory

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1369546

Abstract:

We examine item-specific olfactory proactive interference (PI) effects and undertake comparisons with verbal and non-verbal visual stimuli. Using a sequential recent-probes task, we show no evidence for PI with hard-to-name odours (Experiment 1). However, verbalisable odours do exhibit PI effects (Experiment 2). These findings occur despite above chance performance and similar serial position functions across both tasks. Experiments 3 and 4 apply words and faces, respectively, to our modified procedure, and show that methodological differences cannot explain the null finding in Experiment 1. The extent to which odours exhibit analogous PI effects to that of other modalities is, we argue, contingent on the characteristics of the odours employed.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

0.5

Title:

An anterior-posterior axis within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex separates self and reward

Authors:

Yankouskaya A, Humphreys G, Stolte M, Stokes M, Moradi Z, Sui J

Year:

2017

Journal:

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx112

Abstract:

Although theoretical discourse and experimental studies on the self- and reward-biases have a long tradition, currently we have only a limited understanding of how the biases are represented in the brain and, more importantly, how they relate to each other. We used multi-voxel pattern analysis to test for common representations of self and reward in perceptual matching in healthy human subjects. Voxels across an anterior–posterior axis in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) distinguished (i) self–others and (ii) high–low reward, but cross-generalization between these dimensions decreased from anterior to posterior vmPFC. The vmPFC is characterized by a shift from a common currency for value to independent, distributed representations of self and reward across an anterior–posterior axis. This shift reflected changes in functional connectivity between the posterior part of the vmPFC and the frontal pole when processing self-associated stimuli, and the middle frontal gyrus when processing stimuli associated with high reward. The changes in functional connectivity were correlated with behavioral biases, respectively, to the self and reward. The distinct representations of self and reward in the posterior vmPFC are associated with self- and reward-biases in behavior.

Citations:

3

Citations per year:

1.5

Title:

The psychology of nutrition with advancing age: Focus on food neophobia

Authors:

van den Heuvel E, Newbury A, Appleton KM

Year:

2019

Journal:

Nutrients

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010151

Abstract:

Many factors impact on eating behaviour and nutritional status in older adults. Strategies can be suggested to combat the impact of these factors, including the development of novel food products, but food neophobia (“the reluctance to eat and/or avoidance of novel foods”) may be a barrier to the acceptance of these foods/products. This work aimed to investigate associations between food neophobia, physical disadvantage, and demographic characteristics in adults over 55 years old. Cross-sectional data from 377 older adults was analysed for relationships between food neophobia scores and physical disadvantage (denture wearing, help with food shopping and/or preparing, and risk of sarcopenia), controlling for age group, gender, living status, education, and employment level. Initial analyses demonstrated higher food neophobia scores in association with denture wearing (Beta = 0.186, p = 0.001). However, when demographic characteristics were also considered, food neophobia scores were no longer related to denture wearing (Beta = 0.069, p = 0.226) but instead were related to a higher age, living alone, and a shorter education (smallest Beta = −0.104, p = 0.048). Food neophobia may thus act as a barrier to the consumption of novel foods/products in those who are of higher age, are living alone, and have a shorter education.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

1.4

Title:

Resilience characteristics and prior life stress determine anticipatory response to acute social stress in children aged 7-11 years.

Authors:

Cheetham-Blake TJ, Turner-Cobb JM, Family HE, Turner JE

Year:

2019

Journal:

British Journal of Health Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12353

Abstract:

Objectives: To assess the interplay of prior life stress and characteristics of resilience in determining how children cope with potentially stressful situations, using a two‐phase study that triangulates parent–child dyadic interview data with subsequent experience of an acute laboratory stressor in 7–11‐year‐olds. Methods: Participants (n = 34) were designated as being in one of four groups based on high/low levels of prior stress experience and high/low resilience ratings assessed during at‐home interviews and from questionnaires measuring recent life events, hassles, and trait coping. During a subsequent laboratory stress protocol, salivary cortisol and heart rate were monitored, and a verbal subjective report was provided. Results: Salivary cortisol showed a significant increase in anticipation of the stress test, heart rate increased during the test, and children self‐reported the task as stressful. Males displayed higher levels of cortisol than females in the anticipatory period. We observed no increase in salivary cortisol in response to the stress testing phase. Using the stress/resilience categorization, children with a higher level of resilience were differentiated by cortisol level in anticipation of the acute stress experiment based on their level of prior life stress. Highly resilient children with greater experience of prior life stress showed a lower anticipatory cortisol response than highly resilient children with less experience of prior life stress. Conclusions: This study highlights the relevance of contextual factors, such as prior stress experience and resilience, in physiological response to the anticipation of acute stress and has implications for understanding how children cope with stressful experiences.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

1.4

Title:

Spatial navigation from same and different directions: The role of executive functions, memory and attention in adults with autism spectrum disorder

Authors:

Ring M, Gaigg SB, de Condappa O, Wiener JM, Bowler DM

Year:

2018

Journal:

Autism Research

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1924

Abstract:

To resolve some of the inconsistencies in existing research into spatial navigation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we tested two large age‐ and ability‐matched groups of ASD and typically developing (TD) participants for their spatial navigation abilities in a route learning task, which has been shown to shed light on the strategies participants employ when navigating complex environments. Participants studied a route through a virtual maze by watching a short video of a first‐person perspective navigating a maze. The maze included four four‐way intersections that were each marked with two unique landmarks in two corners of the intersection. At test, static images of the intersections, either as seen during the video or as approached from a different direction, were presented and participants had to indicate in which direction they would need to travel (straight, left, or right) in order to follow the originally studied route. On both types of test trials, the ASD group performed worse and their difficulties were related to reduced cognitive flexibility. Eye‐movement data and follow‐up item‐memory tests suggested that navigation difficulties may have been related to differences in attention during encoding and less spontaneous use of landmarks as cues for navigation. Spatial navigation performance was best predicted by memory for landmarks as well as by executive functions. The results are discussed in relation to theories of underlying navigation‐related brain regions. More research is needed to disentangle the influence of executive functions, memory and attention on spatial navigation.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

0.6

Title:

“The nourishing soil of the soul”: The role of horticultural therapy in promoting well-being in community-dwelling people with dementia

Authors:

Noone S, Innes A, Kelly F, Mayers A

Year:

2015

Journal:

Dementia

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1471301215623889

Abstract:

Two-thirds of people with dementia reside in their own homes; however, support for communitydwelling people with dementia to continue to participate in everyday activities is often lacking, resulting in feelings of depression and isolation among people living with the condition. Engagement in outdoor activities such as gardening can potentially counteract these negative experiences by enabling people with dementia to interact with nature, helping to improve their physical and psychological well-being. Additionally, the collaborative nature of community gardening may encourage the development of a sense of community, thereby enhancing social integration. Despite increasing evidence supporting its therapeutic value for people with dementia in residential care, the benefits of horticultural therapy have yet to be transposed into a community setting. This paper will examine the theoretical support for the application of horticultural therapy in dementia care, before exploring the potential of horticultural therapy as a means of facilitating improved physical and psychological well-being and social integration for people living with dementia within the community.

Citations:

7

Citations per year:

1.9

Title:

Mediating family play: Exploring the expectations of digital media through a mobile application designed to facilitate real-world child–parent play

Authors:

Wilkinson P, Taylor J, Readman M

Year:

2018

Journal:

International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2018.10.003

Abstract:

This article highlights the necessity of considering socio-cultural values and attitudes when designing digital media, through presenting a study that explores parental attitudes toward play and digital media in childhood. Here we present a study examining the effectiveness of a mobile application designed to encourage real-world play between parents and their children (aged three to five years old). A series of quasi-naturalistic play spaces were created in child-centric organisations with parents visiting these organisations invited to use the play space — including tablet devices loaded with the application. Surveys – including open and closed questions – were collected from 28 parents along with observational data focusing on parent–child–screen interactions. The research highlights a tension between the physicality and preconceptions of digital devices and parent–child play. We also note the mobilisation of the notion ‘quality time’ as somewhat antithetical to digital play — indeed, expectations of digital devices in childhood, alongside a presumed developmental purpose of certain forms of play, impacted the capacity of this application to facilitate real-world play. These findings and resulting methodological discussion have implications for both the design of mobile applications and future research. Moreover, this article highlights some of the values and assumptions that influence parental expectations of purposing play and digital media.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

1.1

Title:

Heterosexual, Homosexual, and Bisexual Men’s Pupillary Responses to Persons at Different Stages of Sexual Development

Authors:

Attard-Johnson J, Bindemann M, Ó Ciardha C

Year:

2016

Journal:

Journal of Sex Research

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1241857

Abstract:

This study investigated whether pupil size during the viewing of images of adults and children reflects the sexual orientation of heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual men (n = 100, Mage = 22). More specifically, we explored whether this measure corresponds with sexual age preferences for adults over children in nonpedophilic men. In general, results across three experiments, in which observers freely viewed or rated the sexual appeal of person images, suggest that pupil dilation to sexual stimuli is an indicator of sexual orientation toward adults. Heterosexual men’s pupils dilated most strongly to adults of the other sex, homosexual men dilated most strongly to adults of the same sex, and bisexual men showed an intermediate pattern. Dilation to adults was substantially stronger than dilation to younger age groups. Sexual appeal ratings for images of adults and children also correlated with pupil responses, suggesting a direct link between pupil dilation and sexual interest. These findings provide support for pupil dilation as a measure of sex- and age-specific sexual preferences. ©, Published with License by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Copyright © Janice Attard-Johnson, Markus Bindemann, and Caoilte Ó Ciardha.

Citations:

4

Citations per year:

1.4

Title:

Skipping of Chinese characters does not rely on word-based processing

Authors:

Lin N, Angele B, Hua H, Shen W, Zhou J, Li X

Year:

2017

Journal:

Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-017-1444-0

Abstract:

Previous eye-movement studies have indicated that people tend to skip extremely high-frequency words in sentence reading, such as Bthe^ in English and B的/de^ in Chinese. Two alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain how this frequent skipping happens in Chinese reading: one assumes that skipping happens when the preview has been fully identified at the word level (word-based skipping); the other assumes that skipping happens whenever the preview character is easy to identify regardless of whether lexical processing has been completed or not (character-based skipping). Using the gaze-contingent display change paradigm, we examined the two hypotheses by substituting the preview of the third character of a four-character Chinese word with the high-frequency Chinese character B的/de^, which should disrupt the ongoing word-level processing. The characterbased skipping hypothesis predicts that this manipulation will enhance the skipping probability of the target character (i.e., the third character of the target word), because the character B /de^ has much higher character frequency than the original character. The word-based skipping hypothesis instead predicts a reduction of the skipping probability of the target character because the presence of the character B的/de^ is lexically infelicitous at word level. The results supported the characterbased skipping hypothesis, indicating that in Chinese reading the decision of skipping a character can be made before integrating it into a word.

Citations:

0

Citations per year:

0.0

Title:

The power of invalidating communication: Receiving invalidating feedback predicts threat-related emotional, physiological, and social responses

Authors:

Greville-Harris M, Hempel R, Karl A, Dieppe P, Lynch TR

Year:

2016

Journal:

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.6.471

Abstract:

Previous studies have found that communicating acceptance and understanding (validation) enhances the recipient's psychological and physiological wellbeing compared with receiving nonunderstanding feedback (invalidation). Yet, such studies have not established whether it is validation or absence of invalidation that is beneficial. This study examined the social, physiological, and emotional effects of validating and invalidating feedback in more detail, by employing a control group. Ninety healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to receive validating, invalidating, or no feedback during a series of stressor tasks. Self-report ratings, psychophysiological measurements and social engagement behaviors were recorded. While there were no significant differences between validated and control participants, invalidated participants showed increased physiological and psychological arousal on several measures and reduced social engagement behaviors compared with the other two groups. The relevance of these findings for understanding adverse effects of invalidation during clinical interactions is discussed.

Citations:

3

Citations per year:

0.9

Title:

How do men in the United Kingdom decide to dispose of banked sperm following cancer treatment?

Authors:

Pacey AA, Merrick H, Arden-Close E, Morris K, Tomlinson M, Rowe R, Eiser C

Year:

2014

Journal:

Hum Fertil (Camb)

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.3109/14647273.2014.947333

Abstract:

Current policy in the UK recommends that men bank sperm prior to cancer treatment, but very few return to use it for reproductive purposes or agree to elective disposal even when their fertility recovers and their families are complete. We assessed the demographic, medical and psychological variables that influence the decision to dispose by contacting men (n = 499) who banked sperm more than five years previously, and asked them to complete questionnaires about their views on sperm banking, fertility and disposal. From 193 responses (38.7% response rate), 19 men (9.8%) requested disposal within four months of completing the questionnaire. Compared with men who wanted their sperm to remain in storage, they were significantly more confident that their fertility had recovered (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.05-3.03, p = 0.034), saw fertility monitoring (semen analysis) as less important (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.39-0.94, p = 0.026), held more positive attitudes to disposal (OR = 5.71, 95% CI = 2.89-11.27, p < 0.001), were more likely to have experienced adverse treatment side-effects (OR = 4.37, CI = 1.61-11.85, p = 0.004) and had less desire for children in the future (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.26-0.64, p < 0.001). Information about men's reasons to dispose of banked sperm may be helpful in devising new strategies to encourage men to engage with sperm banking clinics and make timely decisions about the fate of their samples.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

0.2

Title:

Intact word processing in developmental prosopagnosia.

Authors:

Burns EJ, Bennetts RJ, Bate S, Wright VC, Weidemann CT, Tree JJ

Year:

2017

Journal:

Sci Rep

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01917-8

Abstract:

A wealth of evidence from behavioural, neuropsychological and neuroimaging research supports the view that face recognition is reliant upon a domain-specific network that does not process words. In contrast, the recent many-to-many model of visual recognition posits that brain areas involved in word and face recognition are functionally integrated. Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is characterised by severe deficits in the recognition of faces, which the many-to-many model predicts should negatively affect word recognition. Alternatively, domain-specific accounts suggest that impairments in face and word processing need not go hand in hand. To test these possibilities, we ran a battery of 7 tasks examining word processing in a group of DP cases and controls. One of our prosopagnosia cases exhibited a severe reading impairment with delayed response times during reading aloud tasks, but not lexical decision tasks. Overall, however, we found no evidence of global word processing deficits in DP, consistent with a dissociation account for face and word processing.

Citations:

19

Citations per year:

8.0

Title:

Cognitive mechanisms associated with auditory sensory gating

Authors:

Jones LA, Hills PJ, Dick KM, Jones SP, Bright P

Year:

2015

Journal:

Brain and Cognition

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.005

Abstract:

Sensory gating is a neurophysiological measure of inhibition that is characterised by a reduction in the P50 event-related potential to a repeated identical stimulus. The objective of this work was to determine the cognitive mechanisms that relate to the neurological phenomenon of auditory sensory gating. Sixty participants underwent a battery of 10 cognitive tasks, including qualitatively different measures of attentional inhibition, working memory, and fluid intelligence. Participants additionally completed a paired-stimulus paradigm as a measure of auditory sensory gating. A correlational analysis revealed that several tasks correlated significantly with sensory gating. However once fluid intelligence and working memory were accounted for, only a measure of latent inhibition and accuracy scores on the continuous performance task showed significant sensitivity to sensory gating. We conclude that sensory gating reflects the identification of goal-irrelevant information at the encoding (input) stage and the subsequent ability to selectively attend to goal-relevant information based on that previous identification.

Citations:

6

Citations per year:

1.6

Title:

Systematic review of behaviour change techniques to promote participation in physical activity among people with dementia

Authors:

Nyman SR, Adamczewska N, Howlett N

Year:

2017

Journal:

British Journal of Health Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12279

Abstract:

Purpose: The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence for the potential promise of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to increase physical activity among people with dementia (PWD). Methods: PsychINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched 01/01/2000–01/12/2016. Randomized controlled/quasi‐randomized trials were included if they recruited people diagnosed/suspected to have dementia, used at least one BCT in the intervention arm, and had at least one follow‐up measure of physical activity/adherence. Studies were appraised using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool, and BCTs were coded using Michie et al., 2013, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 81. taxonomy. Intervention findings were narratively synthesized as either ‘very promising’, ‘quite promising’, or ‘non‐promising’, and BCTs were judged as having potential promise if they featured in at least twice as many very/quite promising than non‐promising interventions (as per Gardner et al., 2016, Health Psychology Review, 10, 89). Results: Nineteen articles from nine trials reported physical activity findings on behavioural outcomes (two very promising, one quite promising, and two non‐promising) or intervention adherence (one quite promising and four non‐promising). Thirteen BCTs were used across the interventions. While no BCT had potential promise to increase intervention adherence, three BCTs had potential promise for improving physical activity behaviour outcomes: goal setting (behaviour), social support (unspecified), and using a credible source. Conclusions: Three BCTs have potential promise for use in future interventions to increase physical activity among PWD.

Citations:

7

Citations per year:

3.5

Title:

Informing adults with back pain about placebo effects: Randomized controlled evaluation of a new website with potential to improve informed consent in clinical research

Authors:

Bishop FL, Greville-Harris M, Bostock J, Din A, Graham CA, Lewith G, Liossi C, O'Riordan T, White P, Yardley L

Year:

2019

Journal:

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9955

Abstract:

Background: Placebo effects and their underpinning mechanisms are increasingly well understood. However, this is poorly communicated to participants in placebo-controlled trials. For valid informed consent, participants should be informed about the potential benefits and risks of participating in placebo-controlled trials. Existing information leaflets often fail to describe the potential benefits and adverse effects associated with placebo allocation. This study tested the effects of a new website designed to inform patients about placebo effects (The Power of Placebos, PoP). PoP was designed using qualitative methods in combination with theory- and evidence-based approaches to ensure it was engaging, informative, and addressed patients’ concerns. Objective: This study aimed to test the effects of PoP, compared with a control website, on people’s knowledge about placebo and the ability to make an informed choice about taking part in a placebo-controlled trial. Methods: A total of 350 adults with back pain recruited from 26 general practices in Southern England participated in this Web-based study. Participants were randomly assigned to PoP (which presented scientifically accurate information about placebo effects in an engaging way) or a control website (based on existing information leaflets from UK trials). Participants self-completed Web-based pre- and postintervention questionnaire measures of knowledge about placebo effects and preintervention questionnaire measures of attitudes toward and intentions to participate in a placebo-controlled trial. The 2 primary outcomes were (1) knowledge and (2) informed choice to take part in a placebo-controlled trial (computed from knowledge, attitudes, and intentions). Results: After viewing PoP, participants had significantly greater knowledge about placebos (mean 8.28 [SD 1.76]; n=158) than participants who viewed the control (mean 5.60 [SD 2.24]; n=174; F1,329=173.821; P<.001; η2=.346). Participants who viewed PoP were 3.16 times more likely than those who viewed the control to make an informed choice about placebos (χ21=36.5; P<.001). Conclusions: In a sample of adults with back pain, PoP increased knowledge and rates of informed choice about placebos compared with a control website. PoP could be used to improve knowledge about placebo effects in back pain. After essential further development and testing in clinical trial settings, it could support informed consent in placebo-controlled trials.

Citations:

1

Citations per year:

1.4

Title:

Knowledge of Previous Tasks: Task Similarity Influences Bias in Task Duration Predictions

Authors:

Thomas KE, König CJ

Year:

2018

Journal:

Frontiers in Psychology

Weblink:

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00760

Abstract:

Bias in predictions of task duration has been attributed to misremembering previous task duration and using previous task duration as a basis for predictions. This research sought to further examine how previous task information affects prediction bias by manipulating task similarity and assessing the role of previous task duration feedback. Task similarity was examined through participants performing two tasks 1 week apart that were the same or different. Duration feedback was provided to all participants (Experiment 1), its recall was manipulated (Experiment 2), and its provision was manipulated (Experiment 3). In all experiments, task similarity influenced bias on the second task, with predictions being less biased when the first task was the same task. However, duration feedback did not influence bias. The findings highlight the pivotal role of knowledge about previous tasks in task duration prediction and are discussed in relation to the theoretical accounts of task duration prediction bias.

Citations:

0

Citations per year:

0.0